By David K. Shipler
The latest in a series: Making America
Cruel Again
The
United States might be the only country in the world where poverty is
considered a moral failing—on the part of the victims, not the society. When
conservatives are in charge of government, this judgment infiltrates policy. Republicans
move repeatedly to twist regulations around an assumption that the poor don’t
want to work and don’t make sound decisions. And when this bias affects
children’s nutrition, it can cause lifelong impairment.
In the
last year alone, the Trump administration has taken multiple shots at food stamps,
now called SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistant Program), which helped feed
about 40 million people last year. The latest change, one week ago, would cut benefits
by $4.5 billion over five years. Even in a booming economy, one in seven
children are in families considered “food insecure,” according to the Department
of Agriculture’s 2018 survey, meaning that they weren’t sure of having enough
food for everyone.
Research
in the rapidly advancing field of neuroscience has documented the severe
biological assaults caused by inadequate nutrition during sensitive phases of
brain development. Numerous studies, compiled in a lengthy National Academy of
Sciences report, From Neurons to
Neighborhoods, portray a devastating landscape of cognitive deficiency
resulting from nutritional deprivation. The insufficiency of healthy food
during a pregnant woman’s second trimester can reduce the creation of neurons,
the brain’s impulse-conducting cells. Malnutrition in the third trimester
restricts their maturation and retards the production of branched cells called
glia.
Iron is essential to promote the
growth of the brain in size and the creation of the nerve-transmitting myelin
sheath around the brain’s nerve fibers. The impact of iron deficiency in a baby,
therefore, never disappears, even once the deficiency is eliminated. One
longitudinal study that followed children from infancy through adolescence
found that they scored lower “in arithmetic achievement and written expression,
motor functioning, and some specific cognitive processes such as spatial memory
and selective recall.”
Teachers reported that such
children displayed “more anxiety or depression, social problems, and attention
problems.” It is no great leap of logic to see learning disabilities as one
result of malnutrition, and a child who can’t do decently in school, who can’t
follow half of what a teacher is saying, is more inclined to drop out.
For those Republicans who are moved
more by self-interest than empathy, it’s worth noting that high school dropouts
earn less that those with degrees, pay less in taxes, have more serious medical
problems, and are at higher risk of ending up in jail.
Yet Trump’s people have sought to saddle
the $68 billion-a-year SNAP program with restrictions and cuts to the monthly benefits,
which now come on debit cards with declining balances, and typically last a
family only two or three weeks. Certain regulations that the Trump
administration has either enacted or has openly considered would treat needy
Americans with suspicion and distrust. For instance:
·
Officials have considered imposing a
drug-testing regime on recipients (although not on farmers who receive huge
federal subsidies as part of the same legislation).
·
The Agriculture Department, which administers
the program, published a rule in July to eliminate states’ option to raise
eligibility limits above the federal ceiling, which is 130 percent of the
poverty line. Previously, states could get waivers to enroll families earning
more if their housing and child-care expenses soaked up a big percentage of
their income. More generous housing subsidies would help, because in many parts
of the country, where rent can consume 50 percent or more of a family’s budget,
the money for food gets squeezed. The comment period on the rule change ended
in September; once adopted, it will cut off about 3 million recipients.
·
In last week’s action, the administration
effectively took away $75 in benefits from one out of every five families by
recalculating how housing and utilities costs are figured.
·
The Trump administration tried to tighten work
requirements in this year’s budget, Congress refused, and officials have gone
ahead anyway to partially evade the legislative intent. Since 1996, single
able-bodied adults with no dependents, up to age 49, could get SNAP benefits
for only three months in a three-year period unless they worked or were in job
training at least 80 hours a month. States could waive the rule in areas with
acute joblessness. Trump wanted to expand the requirement to age 59 and, more
damaging, apply it to those with children over six years old. That was rejected
by Republicans and Democrats in Congress. So last December the Agriculture
Department did what it could administratively by making it much harder for
states to get waivers.
·
In his 2019 budget, Trump proposed replacing
half of a family’s cash grants with a food package of cereal, pasta, peanut
butter, canned fruit and vegetables, meat, poultry, and other items deemed good
for them. Sending such packages to 40 million people would have been so costly
and impractical that the idea collapsed of its own weight. But the notion seems
borne of a patronizing attitude toward the poor, who suffer from a disparaging
stereotype that they do not act responsibly.
Clinics treating childhood
malnutrition see a broad array of causes. Lack of money is the centerpiece, but
lack of knowledge about healthy eating can also contribute to some cases.
Health providers find that some parents don’t know how to cook with relatively
inexpensive ingredients. New immigrants unfamiliar with American food can be
fooled by ads into thinking that Coke and Cheetos are healthy. So can Americans
themselves. Lots of junk food is cheap and filling, hence the nation’s epidemic
of obesity, which can be a sign of malnutrition.
Supermarkets with fresh, healthy
food are scarce in many low-income neighborhoods. A child’s food allergies can
be baffling without the funds and information required to have a large
assortment of choices on hand. Single parents doing shift work can’t keep track
of what their kids are being fed by multiple caregivers. Nor do they usually
have the orderly life that allows them to sit children down calmly to feed them,
or have a regular family meal.
In other words, childhood malnutrition is created
at the confluence of problems and disabilities that magnify and reinforce one another.
They must all be addressed. The cognitive impairment that results cannot be attacked
by a country that keeps electing officials who entangle the safety net in a set
of punitive impulses.
First
published by the Washington Monthly.
